Pharmacogenetics

An article in Science News Daily (April 11, 2011, “Pharmacogenetics Testing Offers Way to Reduce Deaths from Drug Toxicity”) discusses the field of pharmacogenetics (also called pharmacogenomics,) the study of an individual’s variation in DNA sequence related to drug response.

Putting a foreign substance such as a psychotropic drug into the body disrupts the body’s normal biochemistry, and can be considered as the introduction of an unnatural and toxic substance into the body. These drugs “work” by changing the normal functions of the body: they speed them up, slow them down, dam them up or overwhelm them. This is why there are side effects with psychiatric drugs.

Forensic psychiatrist Dr. Yolande Lucire (in her paper “Psychotropic Medication and Cytochromes“) makes these statements:

“Since 1994, a substantial number of papers have been published in major refereed medical journals on Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs). The ballpark estimate is that each year 2.2 million Americans are hospitalised for ADRs and over 100,000 die from them. These are simply adverse reactions to drugs, which are often but not always, unpredictable, and appear only in the fine print of prescribing information.

“Psychiatric drugs have hardly rated a mention, as psychiatric side effects in psychiatric patients have been routinely missed or dismissed by the pharmaceutical companies with ‘It’s the disease, not the drug, doctor.’

“With the drugs used in psychiatry, (and this is very general,) many are metabolised in the liver by an enzyme system called cytochrome P450 (and other cytochrome systems). There are genetic, biological differences between individuals, some of whom do not produce certain cytochromes at all. In practice this means that somewhere between 12 and 20% of Caucasians cannot metabolise certain drugs, for example, SSRIs, at all or they do it slowly. [Cytochrome means “cellular pigment” and is a protein found in blood cells.]

“The following drugs are only a few of the scores that use the cytochrome P450 system for their metabolism: alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, amphetamines, Amitriptyline, Celebrex, Cipramil, Lexapro, Codeine, Valium, Warfarin, Dilantin, Efexor, Feldene, Brufen, grapefruit, Luvox, Aropax, Prednisone, Prozac, Serzone, Risperdal, Tegretol, Voltaren, Zoloft and Zyprexa.”

One of the possible conclusions to be drawn from this emerging area of research is that the toxic effects (side effects) of psychiatric drugs in the body can be significantly multiplied in a large proportion of individuals who lack this ability to effectively metabolize and deal with these toxins.

Dr. Lucire’s research points to the result that persons with abnormal P450 metabolism who are given psychiatric drugs may reach a level of toxicity within hours or days which correlates with the onset of intense and harmful side effects.

The psychopharmaceutical industry has expanded its influence far beyond its ability to be effective, if indeed it ever was. One must also always keep in mind that while these drugs have been repeatedly shown to be not only ineffective but also harmful, the real underlying problem is that psychiatrists fraudulently diagnose life’s problems as an “illness”, and stigmatize unwanted behavior or study problems as “diseases,” combined with the profit-motives of pharmaceutical companies vying for a piece of the resultant psychiatric “treatment.” Psychiatry’s stigmatizing labels, programs and treatments are harmful junk science; their diagnoses of “mental disorders” are a hoax – unscientific, fraudulent and harmful. All psychiatric treatments, not just psychiatric drugs, are dangerous.

[Thanks to Eileen Dannemann, Director of the National Coalition of Organized Women, for acquainting us with this information.]

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Miami-Area Psychiatrist Pleads Guilty for Role in $200 Million Medicare Fraud Scheme

Department of Justice

Office of Public Affairs
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Thursday, June 30, 2011
http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2011/June/11-crm-871.html

WASHINGTON – A Miami-area psychiatrist pleaded guilty today in U.S. District Court in Miami for his part in a fraud scheme that resulted in the submission of more than $200 million in fraudulent claims to Medicare, the Department of Justice, FBI and Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced.

Dr. Alan Gumer, 64, of Tamarac, Fla., pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit health care fraud.   Gumer was charged on Feb. 15, 2011, with one count of conspiracy to commit health care fraud and four counts of health care fraud.

According to court documents, Gumer was a psychiatrist at American Therapeutic Corporation (ATC), a Florida corporation headquartered in Miami.   ATC purported to operate partial hospitalization programs (PHPs) in seven different locations throughout South Florida and Orlando.  A PHP is a form of intensive treatment for severe mental illness.

Gumer admitted that he signed evaluations, notes and other documents in medical files for patients who did not need the treatment for which ATC billed Medicare.   Specifically, as a psychiatrist, Gumer knew that the patients attending ATC did not need intensive mental health treatment, and that the treatments offered by ATC were not the type of intensive treatments a PHP should provide.   Gumer admitted that he signed these files without examining the patients, or writing and reading the statements he was signing.

Gumer also admitted to writing prescriptions for psychiatric medications for patients who did not need them in order to make it appear to Medicare that the patients qualified for PHP treatment.   According to court documents, Gumer also referred hundreds of ATC patients to a related company, the American Sleep Institute (ASI), for unnecessary diagnostic sleep disorder testing.

According to court filings, Gumer’s co-defendants and ATC’s owners and operators paid kickbacks to owners and operators of assisted living facilities (ALFs) and halfway houses and to patient brokers in exchange for delivering ineligible patients to ATC and ASI.  In some cases, the patients received a portion of those kickbacks.  Throughout the course of the ATC and ASI conspiracy, millions of dollars in kickbacks were paid in exchange for Medicare beneficiaries, who did not qualify for PHP services, to attend treatment programs that were not legitimate PHP programs so that ATC and ASI could bill Medicare for more than $200 million in medically unnecessary services.

According to the plea agreement, Gumer’s participation in the fraud resulted in $19.3 million in fraudulent billing to the Medicare program.   Sentencing for Gumer is scheduled for Jan 19, 2012.  Gumer faces a maximum of 10 years in prison and a $250,000 fine.

ATC, its management company Medlink Professional Management Group Inc., and the owners and lead manager of ATC, Medlink and ASI, were charged with various health care fraud, money laundering and other offenses in a separate superseding indictment unsealed on Feb. 15, 2011.   Two of the three owners and the lead manager, as well as both ATC and Medlink, have pleaded guilty and have admitted to the fraudulent scheme and that more than $200 million in billings were submitted to the Medicare program as a part of the scheme.   They are scheduled for sentencing on Sept. 14, 2011, by U.S. District Court Judge James Lawrence King.   The trial of the third owner charged in the separate superseding indictment is scheduled to begin on Aug. 15, 2011.

The remaining 17 co-defendants named in the indictment in which Gumer was charged are scheduled to stand trial on Nov. 7, 2011, before U.S. District Judge Patricia A. Seitz.

An indictment is merely an accusation and defendants are presumed innocent unless and until proven guilty in a court of law.

Today’s guilty plea was announced by Assistant Attorney General Lanny A. Breuer of the Justice Department’s Criminal Division; U.S. Attorney Wifredo A. Ferrer of the Southern District of Florida; John V. Gillies, Special Agent-in-Charge of the FBI’s Miami field office; and Special Agent-in-Charge Christopher Dennis of the HHS Office of Inspector General (HHS-OIG), Office of Investigations Miami office.

The criminal case is being prosecuted by Trial Attorney Jennifer L. Saulino of the Criminal Division’s Fraud Section.  The case was investigated by the FBI and HHS-OIG and was brought as part of the Medicare Fraud Strike Force, supervised by the Criminal Division’s Fraud Section and the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of Florida.

Since its inception in March 2007, the Medicare Fraud Strike Force operations in nine locations have charged more than 1,000 defendants that collectively have billed the Medicare program for more than $2.3 billion.  In addition, HHS’s Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, working in conjunction with the HHS-OIG are taking steps to increase accountability and decrease the presence of fraudulent providers.

To learn more about the Health Care Fraud Prevention and Enforcement Action Team (HEAT), go to:  www.stopmedicarefraud.gov .

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Judge rules prison can forcibly medicate Loughner

“A federal judge on Wednesday June 29 refused to order prison officials to stop forcibly medicating Arizona shooting suspect Jared Loughner with anti-psychotic drugs.

“U.S. District Judge Larry Burns rejected a request by defense attorneys for Loughner, 22, to halt the procedure at a federal prisoners’ hospital in Missouri.

“Last month Loughner was declared mentally incompetent to stand trial on charges he killed six people and wounded 13 others, including Arizona Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords, during a January 8 shooting in Tucson, Arizona.

“His defense team filed an emergency petition arguing the U.S. Bureau of Prisons had decided, without the permission of the court, to “involuntarily and forcibly medicate him on the grounds that he is a danger to others.”

“In response, prosecutors said that after Loughner had declined to take medication, the Bureau of Prisons determined at an administrative hearing that he should be involuntarily medicated.”

[http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/29/us-shooting-loughner-medication-idUSTRE75S85P20110629]

Without becoming involved in the legal case for or against Loughner, one can still remark on the subject of involuntary commitment and enforced drugging.

Knowing what we know about psychiatric treatment and psychiatric drugs [and if you are not familiar with the truth about this, we recommend you review the material on our web site,] we cannot help but observe and decry the inhumanity of involuntary commitment and enforced drugging.

Can this really happen in America today? Can this happen in a country where even criminals are set free if they are not given their rights, where the strongest Constitution in man’s history guarantees the individual his liberties? It not only can, but it does. The fact is, every 1¼ minutes, someone in the U.S. becomes the next victim of involuntary incarceration in a psychiatric hospital. And there’s nothing they can do about it.

While involuntary commitment laws enrich the psychiatric industry, they not only deprive individuals of their freedom of choice, but milk millions of health insurance dollars annually from private, state, national and military health plans. And while psychiatrists and psychiatric hospitals are today being investigated nationally and in state hearings for insurance fraud, mistreatment of patients, sexual violations and other crimes, the crux of their power—involuntary commitment laws—receives no focused attention.

The undeniable fact is that basic human rights granted even to killers or terrorists are denied people labeled mentally disordered. Restraints, imprisonment and other violations of civil liberties are the least people have to fear from involuntary admission into psychiatric institutions. A far worse fate is treatment, especially enforced drugging.

The common thread of all these procedures is the incapacitation in some manner of the individual. And when one considers that most psychiatric cases address those who indulge in behavior not approved of by others, this form of control becomes a logical and even acceptable goal—to those who seek such control.

The fact that these actions are couched in such Orwellian doublespeak as “for his own good,” “to prevent him from committing harm,” etc., is unfortunate, for it obfuscates this evil intention.

The dangerous person who is violent must be dealt with independent of psychiatrists. In his book, The Therapeutic State, Dr. Thomas Szasz wrote, “To be sure some people are dangerous. We in America—especially if we live in the big cities—need hardly be reminded of this painful fact. But in American law, dangerousness is not supposed to be an abstract psychological condition attributed to a person; instead, it is supposed to be an inference drawn from the fact that a person has committed a violent act that is illegal, has been charged with it, tried for it, and found guilty of it. In which case, he should be punished, not ‘treated’—in a jail, not in a hospital.”

For more information about this sorry state of affairs, download and read the CCHR information letter, “Involuntary Psychiatric Commitment – A Crack In The Door Of Constitutional Freedoms.”

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Scientific Facts

After years of hearing and reading various discourses and arguments involving the phrase “scientific fact,” one recognizes a major societal misunderstanding about this concept. The phrase is thrown about in support or denial of numerous viewpoints, but it is often either misunderstood or misapplied.

I heard the phrase misused regularly on National Public Radio during interviews about diverse religious beliefs. The phrase is also often misused when promoting psychiatry, psychiatric drugs, and other psychiatric treatments.

A FACT is something that can be proven to exist by visible evidence. SCIENCE is the expertness resulting from knowledge gained and verified by exact observation and correct thinking.

The ability to accurately observe, and relate those observations, is sometimes lacking in this society, and sometimes observations are outright falsified for personal or corporate greed.

An OPINION is an attitude, concept or belief that is potentially subject to change with increasing knowledge or experience, and may or not be based on any facts. It may be based on what one thinks, or what others think, rather than on what is proven or known to be true.

Contrary to what the media want you to believe, the press does not always mold public opinion, which is influenced more by word of mouth, by people who are capable of accurately observing, recording and relating their observations and conclusions.

It is therefore one’s direct responsibility to observe for oneself, to find out what is true for oneself, form one’s own counsel on important topics, and do not spread false opinions when the facts are so easily accessible. We think that psychiatric fraud and abuse might be an important topic for you, your children, and your society.

There is a right way to create a science, called the Scientific Method. Basically it involves observation of phenomena, collection of data, creation of a theory, and testing of the theory by repeated observation and controlled experiments.

It doesn’t hurt, along the way, to keep in mind a constructive purpose, such as helping people get along better in life.

On the other hand, psychiatry is Junk Science. By that is meant biased observation; biased, misrepresented, falsified, or fabricated data; spurious inference; wishful thinking; logical trickery; and a destructive purpose highlighted by personal greed and the suppression of imagined enemies.

Psychiatric “disorders” are not medical diseases. Psychiatrists deal exclusively with mental “disorders,” not proven diseases. Psychiatry has never established the cause of any “mental disorders.” The theory that mental disorders derive from a “chemical imbalance” in the brain is unproven opinion, not fact. The brain is not the real cause of life’s problems.

The psychiatric billing bible, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, has become so widely relied upon within society that it has taken on the aura of scientific fact. Millions now use and believe in its diagnostic abilities, never once suspecting that the whole premise and the system itself are fraudulent. These people are at risk of making seriously wrong, even fatal, turns in either their own lives, or the lives of others.

For over four decades, CCHR has worked to expose and eradicate psychiatric violations of human rights and restore human rights and dignity to the field of mental health. CCHR’s work will only be complete when psychiatry’s fraudulent practices are eliminated and it is held accountable for its harmful treatments and human rights violations. Help CCHR St. Louis accomplish this goal with your tax-deductible donations and volunteer help.

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The Illusions of Psychiatry

The Illusions of Psychiatry

by Marcia Angell in the New York Review of Books

This is a seriously great article exposing all the inner workings of psychiatry’s billing bible, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), including the complete lack of medical legitimacy for psychiatric diagnoses, the birth of the psychiatric-pharmaceutical alliance to push DSM disorders off on an unsuspecting public, and the funding behind psychiatrists and their front groups pushing the brain based “disease” model which they all know is bogus.

“Unlike the conditions treated in most other branches of medicine, there are no objective signs or tests for mental illness—no lab data or MRI findings—and the boundaries between normal and abnormal are often unclear. That makes it possible to expand diagnostic boundaries or even create new diagnoses, in ways that would be impossible, say, in a field like cardiology. And drug companies have every interest in inducing psychiatrists to do just that.”

Read the full article here:

http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/jul/14/illusions-of-psychiatry/

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Loughner’s Lawyers Keep Up Fight Over Drugs

Judy Clarke, defense attorney for the Tucson shooter Jared Lee Loughner, wrote in a court filing the first week of June that giving Loughner psychiatric drugs could have “serious and possibly permanent side effects.” [Quote from the Nevada Missouri Herald-Tribune, June 11, 2011]

While we agree with this statement about the side effects of psychiatric drugs, we also know that Thomas Szasz in his book, The Myth of Mental Illness, said, “The introduction of psychiatric considerations into the administration of the criminal law – for example, the insanity plea and verdict, diagnoses of mental incompetence to stand trial, and so forth – corrupt the law and victimize the subject on whose behalf they are ostensibly employed.”

U.S. District Judge Larry Burns previously ruled that Loughner is mentally unfit to stand trial, and Loughner was sent to the Springfield, Missouri federal prison for psychiatric treatment.

Psychiatry’s increasing influence in criminal justice has produced only escalating crime rates internationally. Although incapable of either predicting future dangerousness or of rehabilitating criminals, psychiatrists still testify, in court on behalf of the highest bidder, asserting that offenders are not responsible for what they have done, but are instead “victims” of fictitious mental disorders. The result is rising crime, as lawbreakers are put back on the streets to wreak more havoc, unrepentant and uncorrected.

The rehabilitation of criminals is a long-forgotten dream. We build more prisons and pass even tougher laws in the belief that these will act as a deterrent. Meanwhile, honest people are losing faith in justice itself as they see vicious criminals avoid conviction through the use of bizarre and incomprehensible defense tactics. First and foremost it should be recognized that every person is responsible for his or her own actions and must be held accountable for their actions.

It is an old maxim that if a person wants to break the law with impunity he must become the law – a maxim taken to heart by psychiatrists. Psychiatry was posed as a solution to crime and became the problem. The first step to recovery is to remove psychiatric influence from the courts, police departments, prisons and schools.

For more information, click here to download and read the complete CCHR report, “Eroding Justice—Psychiatry’s Corruption of Law — Report and recommendations on psychiatry subverting the courts and corrective services.”

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Johnson & Johnson recalls Risperdal and Risperidone Tablets

Johnson & Johnson recalls Risperdal and Risperidone Tablets

A foul smelling odor has prompted the voluntary recall of one lot each of Johnson & Johnson’s Risperdal and Risperidone tablets.

Risperdal (generic name risperidone) is an atypical antipsychotic drug, also called a major tranquilizer, neuroleptic (nerve-seizing) drug, or chemical straightjacket. The ingestion of a single tablet of risperidone may cause significant toxic poisoning in a toddler. This class of antipsychotics may also cause increased risk of diabetes, and an increased risk of stroke and death in the elderly.

Antipsychotic drugs were originally developed in the 1950’s to treat psychosis and so-called schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotics developed since the 1990’s were marketed as having fewer harmful side effects than the older ones. But they do not.

All antipsychotics can cause akathisia (a word derived from a, without; kathisia, sitting; an inability to keep still). Akathisia is a terrible feeling of anxiety, an inability to sit still, a feeling that one wants to crawl out of his skin. This side effect has been linked to assaultive, violent behavior and can be experienced by up to 76% of patients taking the drugs.

Putting a foreign substance such as a psychotropic drug into your body disrupts the body’s normal biochemistry. Sometimes this disruption creates a false and temporary feeling of euphoria (being “high”), short-lived bursts of increased energy or an abnormal sense of heightened alertness. However, it is not natural to feel like this. The feeling does not last and addiction can result. These drugs work by influencing the normal functions of the body: they speed them up, slow them down, dam them up or overwhelm them. This is why you get side effects with psychiatric drugs.

But do not think that these drugs heal anything. They are intended to cover up or “mask” your problems. Meanwhile, they tend to wear out your body. Like a car run on rocket fuel, you may be able to get it to run a thousand miles an hour to the end of the block, but the tires, the engine and the internal parts fly apart in doing so. Side effects can sometimes be more pronounced than a drug’s intended effects. They are, in fact, the body’s natural response to the invasion of a chemical that is confusing its normal functions.

Antipsychotic drugs damage the extensive complex network of nerve fibers that moderate motor control, resulting in muscle rigidity, spasms and various involuntary movements.

There is no question that people do experience problems and upsets in life that may result in mental troubles, sometimes very serious. But to say that these are “medical diseases” or caused by a “chemical imbalance” that can only be treated with dangerous drugs is dishonest, harmful and often deadly. What psychiatric drugs do instead is mask the real cause of problems, often denying you the opportunity to search for workable, effective solutions.

Psychiatrists routinely do not inform patients of nondrug treatments, nor do they conduct thorough medical examinations to ensure that a person’s problem does not stem from an untreated medical condition that is causing the mental disturbance. Therefore, it is recommended that all patients first see a medical doctor (especially one who is familiar with nutritional needs), who should obtain and review a thorough medical history of the patient and conduct a complete physical exam, ruling out all the possible problems that might cause the person’s symptoms. According to top experts, the majority of people having mental problems are actually suffering from nonpsychiatric disease that is causing emotional stress.

So you see, a recall of this drug due to a possible manufacturing problem may actually save some lives, as the side effects of this drug are often more horrendous than the person’s original problem.

For more information, go to http://www.cchrstl.org/sideeffects.shtml.

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Beware the ghost(writer)s of medical research

The medical research world has been concerned about the problem of ghostwriting for more than a decade.

The issue has been repeatedly raised in the mainstream media over the past few years, with most of the commentary focused on the ethics of academics serving as authors on papers they did not write and on some of the most egregious actions by pharmaceutical companies.

But these efforts miss the ways in which Big Pharma has developed new forms of medical research to serve its own interests.

Big Pharma firms spend twice as much on promotion as on research and development (R&D). But it is worse than that: more and more medical R&D is organized as promotional campaigns to make physicians aware of products. The bulk of the industry’s external funding for research now goes to contract research organizations to produce studies that feed into large numbers of articles submitted to medical journals.

Internal documents from Pfizer, made public in litigation, showed that 85 scientific articles on its antidepressant Zoloft were produced and coordinated by a public relations company. Pfizer itself thus produced a critical mass of the favorable articles placed among the 211 scientific papers on Zoloft in the same period. Internal documents tell similar stories for Merck’s Vioxx, GlaxoSmithKline’s Paxil, Astra-Zeneca’s Seroquel, and Wyeth’s hormone-replacement drugs.

In the ghost management of research and publication by drug companies we have a new model of science. This is corporate science, done by many unseen workers, performed for marketing purposes, and drawing its authority from traditional academic science. The high commercial stakes mean that all of the parties connected with this new corporate science can find reasons or be induced to participate, support, and steadily normalize it. It also biases the available science by pushing favorable results and downplaying negative ones – and sometimes through outright fraud.

Click here to read the entire article on pharmaceutical ghost-writing.

The underlying problem is that psychiatrists fraudulently diagnose life’s problems as an “illness”, and stigmatize unwanted behavior or study problems as “diseases,” combined with the profit-motives of pharmaceutical companies vying for a piece of the resultant psychiatric “treatment.”

Psychiatry’s stigmatizing labels, programs and treatments are harmful junk science; their diagnoses of “mental disorders” are a hoax – unscientific, fraudulent and harmful. All psychiatric treatments, not just psychiatric drugs, are dangerous.

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Voodoo Science & Snake Oil

Are our children really at risk or is Patrick McGorry selling us Voodoo Science & Snake Oil? Should we trust our children’s lives to Patrick McGorry?

Do we want our children to be labelled with Psychosis Risk Syndrome? The Australian Federal Government has handed $400 million dollars to Patrick McGorry for a national program to create early psychosis prevention and intervention centers, where children as young as three years old can be diagnosed as “at risk of developing psychosis” and given harmful and addictive psychiatric drugs.

Since you already know that psychiatric drugs are harmful for adults, what do you think the effects would be on a three-year-old?

What kind of lunacy would screen toddlers for “the potential to develop mental illness later in life” and give them mind-altering drugs?

Read the full article here: http://utopia.edu.au/2011/05/voodoo-science-snake-oil/.

For more information about early intervention programs, go here: http://www.cchrint.org/tag/early-intervention/.

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America’s Most Dangerous Pill? Klonopin

What is America’s most dangerous prescription drug? It’s not Adderall or Oxy. It’s Klonopin. And doctors are doling it out like candy, causing a surge of hellish withdrawals, overdoses and deaths.

Klonopin is the brand name for the generic clonazepam, which was originally brought to market in 1975 as a medication for epileptic seizures. Since then, Klonopin, along with the other drugs in this class, has become a prescription of choice for drug abusers from Hollywood to Wall Street. In the process, these substances have also earned the dubious distinction of being second only to opioid painkillers like OxyContin as our nation’s most widely abused class of drug.

Klonopin is used as an anti-anxiety drug, in the class of drugs that are also called minor tranquilizers, benzodiazepines or sedative hypnotics. Daily use of these drugs is associated with physical dependence, and
addiction can occur after only 14 days of regular use. The typical consequences of withdrawal are anxiety, depression, sweating, cramps, nausea, psychotic reactions and seizures. There is also a “rebound effect” where the individual experiences even worse symptoms than they started with as a result of chemical dependency.

Alcoholics and drug addicts are most likely to run into Klonopin during detox, when it is used to prevent seizures and control the symptoms of acute withdrawal. Klonopin takes longer to metabolize and passes through the system more slowly than other benzodiazepines, so in theory you don’t need to take it so frequently. But if you like the high it gives you, and  keep increasing your dosage, the addictive effects of the drug accumulate quickly and can often be devastating. The drug’s label clearly specifies that it is “recommended” only for short-term use—say, seven to 10 days—but once exposed to the pill’s seductive side-effects, many patients come back for more. And not surprisingly, many doctors are happy to refill prescriptions to meet this consumer demand.

Read much more about this at
http://www.cchrint.org/2011/06/02/americas-most-dangerous-pill-klonopin/

and find out more about psychiatric drug side effects at
http://www.cchrstl.org/sideeffects.shtml.

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